How to Conduct a Scoping Review to Map Existing Literature

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How to Conduct a Scoping Review to Map Existing Literature

Introduction

A scoping review is the go-to method when you want to explore the breadth of research on a topic rather than evaluate the effectiveness of specific interventions. The goal is to map existing literature, highlight knowledge gaps, and clarify concepts.

This guide walks you through a step-by-step approach to conducting a scoping review using established frameworks such as Arksey & O’Malley (2005) and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology.

1. Define Your Research Question

A well-framed question sets the direction for your review.
Unlike systematic reviews, scoping reviews often have broad questions.

Example:

  • Broad: “What types of telehealth interventions are used in chronic pain management?”

  • Narrow (systematic review style): “Is telehealth effective in reducing pain scores in adults with chronic pain?”

The PCC framework (Population, Concept, Context) is often used instead of PICO for scoping reviews.

2. Develop a Review Protocol

Although not always mandatory, a protocol ensures transparency and prevents scope creep.
It should include:

  • Objectives

  • Inclusion/exclusion criteria

  • Search strategy

  • Data charting plan

Consider registering it with OSF (Open Science Framework) or Joanna Briggs Institute.

3. Identify Relevant Studies

Design a comprehensive search strategy:

  • Use multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science).

  • Include grey literature (theses, conference abstracts, government reports).

  • Document every step for reproducibility.

4. Screen Studies for Inclusion

The process generally involves:

  • Title and abstract screening (removing irrelevant results)

  • Full-text screening (confirming eligibility)

Tools like Rayyan or Covidence make this step more efficient.

5. Data Charting (Extraction)

Instead of extracting detailed outcomes, you’ll chart descriptive data, such as:

  • Author, year, country

  • Study design

  • Population

  • Intervention/exposure

  • Key findings

  • Research gaps noted by authors

This stage often uses Excel, Google Sheets, or EPPI-Reviewer.

6. Collate, Summarize, and Report Results

Rather than statistical synthesis, scoping reviews often use:

  • Thematic analysis for qualitative mapping

  • Tables and charts to categorize studies

  • Descriptive summaries of trends and gaps

Follow PRISMA-ScR guidelines for reporting.

7. Optional: Consultation with Stakeholders

The Arksey & O’Malley framework includes consultation with experts or stakeholders to:

  • Validate findings

  • Identify missing studies

  • Ensure relevance to practice or policy

Conclusion

Conducting a scoping review is a structured yet flexible process that allows researchers to navigate and map the available literature in a given field. By following a clear methodology, you can produce a transparent, reproducible, and valuable resource for both researchers and policymakers.

Published by oriaku